| Tobacco (Nicotiana spp., L.) refers to a
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| | Chief Powhatan. Although most of the
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| genus of broad-leafed plants of the
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| | settlers wouldn't touch the tobacco crop,
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| nightshade family indigenous to North and
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| | Rolfe was able to make his fortune
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| South America, or to the dried and cured
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| | farming it for export at Varina Farms
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| leaves of such plants. Tobacco leaves are
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| | Plantation. When he left for England with
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| often smoked (see tobacco smoking) in the
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| | Pocahontas, he was wealthy. When Rolfe
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| form of a cigar or cigarette, or in a
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| | returned to Jamestown following
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| smoking pipe, or in a water pipe or a
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| | Pocahontas's death in England, he
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| hookah. This could damage the lungs and
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| | continued to improve the quality of
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| could also potentially cause lung
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| | tobacco. By 1620, 40,000 pounds of
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| disorders such as asthma. Tobacco is also
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| | tobacco were shipped to England. By the
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| chewed, "dipped" (placed between the
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| | time John Rolfe died in 1622, Jamestown
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| cheek and gum), and sniffed into the nose
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| | was thriving as a producer of tobacco and
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| as finely powdered snuff.
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| | Jamestown's population would top 4,000.
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| Tobacco contains the alkaloid nicotine, a
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| | Tobacco led to the importation of the
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| powerful neurotoxin that is particularly
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| | colony's first black slaves as well as
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| harmful to insects. All means of
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| | women from England in 1619.
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| consuming tobacco result in the
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| | The importation of tobacco into Europe
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| absorption of nicotine in varying amounts
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| | was not without resistance and
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| into the user's bloodstream, and over
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| | controversy, even in the 17th century.
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| time the development of tolerance and
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| | King James I of England (James VI of
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| dependence. Absorption quantity,
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| | Scotland) wrote a famous polemic titled A
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| frequency and speed seem to have a direct
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| | Counterblaste to Tobacco in 1604
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| relationship with how strong a dependence
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| | (published in 1672). In his essay, the
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| and tolerance, if any, might be created.
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| | king denounced tobacco use as "[a]
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| A lethal dose of nicotine is contained in
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| | custome lothsome to the eye, hatefull to
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| as little as one half of a cigar or three
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| | the Nose, harmefull to the braine,
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| cigarettes; however, only a fraction of
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| | dangerous to the Lungs, and in the blacke
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| the nicotine contained in these products
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| | stinking fume thereof, neerest resembling
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| is actually released into the smoke, and
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| | the horrible Stigian smoke of the pit
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| most clinically significant cases of
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| | that is bottomelesse." In that same year,
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| nicotine poisoning are the result of
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| | an English statute was enacted that
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| concentrated forms of the compound used
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| | placed a heavy protective tariff on every
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| as insecticides. Other active alkaloids
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| | pound of tobacco brought into England.
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| in tobacco include harmala alkaloids.
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| | Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries,
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| Tobacco smoking carries significant risks
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| | tobacco continued to be the "cash crop"
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| including the potential to develop
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| | of the Virginia Colony, along with The
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| various cancers as well as strokes, and
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| | Carolinas. Large tobacco warehouses
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| severe cardiovascular and respiratory
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| | filled the areas near the wharfs of new
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| diseases. Significantly shorter life
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| | thriving towns such as Richmond and
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| expectancies have been associated with
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| | Manchester at the fall line (head of
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| tobacco smoking. Many jurisdictions have
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| | navigation) on the James River, and
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| enacted smoking bans in an effort to
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| | Petersburg on the Appomattox River.
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| minimize possible damage to public health
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| | Until 1883, tobacco excise tax accounted
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| caused by tobacco smoking. The
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| | for one third of internal revenue
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| substantially increased risk of
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| | collected by the United States
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| developing cancer as a result of tobacco
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| | government.
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| usage seems to be due to the plethora of
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| | A historian of the American South in the
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| nitrosamines and other carcinogenic
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| | late 1860s reported on typical usage in
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| compounds found in tobacco and its
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| | the region where it was grown:
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| residue as a result of anaerobic heating,
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| | The chewing of tobacco was well-nigh
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| either due to smoking or to flue-curing
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| | universal. This habit had been widespread
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| or fire-curing. The use of flue-cured or
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| | among the agricultural population of
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| fire-cured smokeless tobacco in lieu of
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| | America both North and South before the
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| smoked tobacco reduces the risk of
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| | war. Soldiers had found the quid a solace
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| respiratory cancers but still carries
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| | in the field and continued to revolve it
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| significant risk of oral cancer. In
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| | in their mouths upon returning to their
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| contrast, use of steam-cured chewing
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| | homes. Out of doors where his life was
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| tobacco (snus), avoids the
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| | principally led the chewer spat upon his
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| carcinogenicity by not generating
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| | lands without offence to other men, and
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| nitrosamines, but the negative effects of
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| | his homes and public buildings were
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| the nicotine on the cardiovascular system
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| | supplied with spittoons. Brown and yellow
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| and pancreas are not ameliorated.
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| | parabolas were projected to right and
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| Native Americans used tobacco before
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| | left toward these receivers, but very
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| Europeans arrived in America, and early
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| | often without the careful aim which made
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| European settlers in America learned to
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| | for cleanly living. Even the pews of
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| smoke and brought the practice back to
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| | fashionable churches were likely to
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| Europe, where it became hugely popular.
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| | contain these familiar conveniences. The
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| At extremely high doses, tobacco becomes
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| | large numbers of Southern men, and these
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| hallucinogenic; accordingly, Native
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| | were of the better class (officers in the
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| Americans generally did not use the drug
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| | Confederate army and planters, worth
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| recreationally. Rather, it was often
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| | $20,000 or more, and barred from general
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| consumed in extraordinarily high
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| | amnesty) who presented themselves for the
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| quantities and used as an entheogen;
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| | pardon of President Johnson, while they
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| generally, this was done only by
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| | sat awaiting his pleasure in the
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| experienced shamans or medicine men. In
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| | ante-room at the White House, covered its
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| addition to being smoked, uncured tobacco
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| | floor with pools and rivulets of their
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| was often eaten, drunk as tobacco juice,
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| | spittle. An observant traveller in the
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| or used in enemas. Early missionaries
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| | South in 1865 said that in his belief
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| often reported on the state caused by
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| | seven-tenths of all persons above the age
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| tobacco, but as it spread into the west,
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| | of twelve years, both male and female,
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| it was no longer used in such large
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| | used tobacco in some form. Women could be
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| quantities or for entheogenic purposes.
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| | seen at the doors of their cabins in
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| Religious use of tobacco is still common
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| | their bare feet, in their dirty one-piece
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| among many indigenous peoples,
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| | cotton garments, their chairs tipped
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| particularly those of South America.
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| | back, smoking pipes made of corn cobs
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| With the arrival of Europeans, tobacco
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| | into which were fitted reed stems or
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| became one of the primary products
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| | goose quills. Boys of eight or nine years
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| fueling the colonization of the future
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| | of age and half-grown girls smoked. Women
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| American South, long before the creation
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| | and girls "dipped" in their houses, on
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| of the United States. The initial
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| | their porches, in the public parlors of
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| colonial expansion, fueled by the desire
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| | hotels and in the streets.
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| to increase tobacco production, was one
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| | As a lucrative crop, tobacco has been the
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| cause of the first colonial conflicts
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| | subject of a great deal of biological and
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| with Native Americans and became a
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| | genetic research. The economic impact of
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| driving factor for the use of African
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| | Tobacco Mosaic disease was the impetus
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| slaves' labor.
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| | that led to the isolation of Tobacco
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| In 1609, John Rolfe arrived at the
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| | mosaic virus, the first virus to be
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| Jamestown Settlement in Virginia. He is
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| | identified; the fortunate coincidence
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| credited as the first man to successfully
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| | that it is one of the simplest virii and
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| raise tobacco for commercial use at
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| | can self-assemble from purified nucleic
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| Jamestown. The tobacco raised in Virginia
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| | acid and protein led in turn to the rapid
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| at that time, Nicotiana rustica, was not
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| | advancement of the field of virology. The
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| to the liking of the Europeans, but Rolfe
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| | 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was shared
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| had brought some seed for Nicotiana
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| | by Wendell Meredith Stanley for his 1935
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| tabacum with him from Bermuda. Shortly
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| | work crystallizing the virus, and showing
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| after arriving, his first wife died, and
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| | that it still remains active.
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| he married Pocahontas, a daughter of
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