| One of the biggest problems facing our
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| | expected results. The final piece of
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| world today is smoking, or more
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| | supportive data states that "Smokers
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| specifically smoking tobacco. Study of
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| | tended to have a greater reduction in VC,
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| the respiratory system and the effects of
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| | FVC, and FEV1/FVC relative to nonsmokers
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| smoking on the respiratory system is one
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| | and an elevated RV/TLC ratio". All of
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| of the examined health issues in our day.
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| | these previous experiments clearly
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| Emphysema, many different cancers, birth
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| | support the hypotheses stated in this
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| defects, and other severe lung problems
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| | laboratory experiment report, except for
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| are the result of smoking or other
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| | FVC which shouldn't be affected by
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| tobacco products.
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| | tobacco smoke according to this support
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| The question posed by this laboratory
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| | data, this information goes against what
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| experiment is to see the affects of
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| | was previously hypothesized for the
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| smoking related to immediate pulmonary
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| | affects of smoking on FVC values.
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| functions on young adults.
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| | The data was gathered using a spirometer
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| The direct inhalation of tobacco smoke
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| | connected via Powerlab software and
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| occurs first at the mouth, the smoke
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| | measured a broad range of pulmonary
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| travels down the trachea, through the
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| | functions.
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| bronchi to each lung, then down to the
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| | Materials and Methods:
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| bronchioles and into the alveolar and
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| | This experiment was preformed to examine
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| alveoli. The alveoli are where the
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| | the lung volumes and capacities, and many
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| greatest destruction is caused by tobacco
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| | other pulmonary functions. The experiment
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| smoke.
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| | was conducted on the students from all
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| This experiment is a perfect opportunity
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| | sections of biology 153 at the University
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| to study the affects of smoking on young
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| | of Kentucky. A spirometry test was
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| adults in particular, and tobacco's
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| | preformed while at rest and after
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| initial health effects on the user. If
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| | exercise, all data was collected with
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| smoking is directly related to a decrease
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| | Powerlab software. All data was
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| in pulmonary function, then people who
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| | correlated and compiled using Microsoft
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| smoke more than one pack a week or heavy
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| | Excel. This data should be relatively
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| smokers will show a dramatic difference
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| | precise given that it was all gathered
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| in pulmonary measurements such as vital
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| | and collected by computer software.
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| capacity (VC), functional residual
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| | Procedures were followed as prescribed by
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| capacity (FRC), forced vital capacity
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| | the respiration bulletin-experimental
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| (FVC), and the ratio of forced expired
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| | guide.
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| volume in one second (FEV1) to forced
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| | As detailed previously many pulmonary
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| vital capacity (FEV1/FVC), Compared to
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| | functions were tested and correlated
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| mild-smokers (less than or equal to one
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| | using data gathered by the spirometer,
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| pack of cigarettes per week) or
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| | and Powerlab software. It effectively
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| non-smokers. These will be the hypotheses
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| | measured all of the values that are to be
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| tested in this lab report. If smoking
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| | examined in this lab report (FVC, VC, and
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| does in fact affect these pulmonary
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| | FEV1/FVC ratio). FRC was calculated using
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| functions then there will be a noticeable
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| | information gathered by the spirometer.
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| difference in these values between the
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| | The level of treatment in this experiment
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| heavy smokers, mild-smokers, and
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| | was the amount of smoking. The three
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| non-smokers.
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| | categories included level 1 (heavy
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| The expected results of these tests would
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| | smokers) and is indicated by the
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| be anticipated to yield a great
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| | consumption of more than one pack per
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| difference in the pulmonary functions to
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| | week, level 2 (mild smokers) who consume
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| be tested among the groups of
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| | less than but up to one pack per week,
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| individuals. Greater differences among
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| | and level 3 (non-smokers) which consume
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| these results should be present in the
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| | zero cigarettes per week.
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| data for after exercise was preformed in
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| | The data was not replicated among
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| the group of smokers.
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| | individuals but was replicated 62 times
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| A previous study indicated that "Abnormal
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| | over the entire Bio 153 department among
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| spirometry (i.e., limitation of
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| | the students; two measurements of
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| expiratory airflow, airways obstruction,
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| | pulmonary function were conducted on each
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| or a low FEV1/FVC ratio the degree of
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| | student that preformed the test once at
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| airways obstruction correlates closely
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| | rest and once after exercise. The control
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| with pathologic changes in the lungs of
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| | group for this experiment was the
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| smokers and patients with COPD (Chronic
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| | non-smoker group, since they should have
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| Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)". This
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| | normal and unaltered pulmonary functions,
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| provides more evidenced that the tests
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| | given that none of the students measured
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| should provide noticeable differences in
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| | have any restrictive or obstructive
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| the FEV1/FVC ratio. Another study
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| | disorders.
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| specifies that "smokers, ex-smokers, and
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| | The population studied contained 62
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| never-smokers had similar FVC and static
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| | individuals, 36 females and 26 males. 34
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| lung volumes". Which indicates this lab
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| | non-smokers, 19 heavy smokers, and 5 mild
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| report should not yield any differences
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| | smokers, this population size and
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| in FVC values between the groups of
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| | characteristics were sufficient for the
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| individuals studied. An alternative study
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| | experiment conducted. Data was correlated
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| also suggested that "mean FRC and RV were
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| | into their respective groups and measured
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| higher of smokers had a significantly
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| | for each of the values to be tested;
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| reduced FEV1" (Clark et al. 2001). This
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| | graphs were used to make it easy to see
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| provides more support for the hypotheses
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| | immediate differences among the group's
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| presented in this lab report will yield
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| | variables.
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